Individual analyses

• Hemogram

Measures the quantity and characteristics of blood cells (red cells, white cells, platelets), such as size and hemoglobin content. It helps to assess anemia, inflammatory processes, and in some cases, blood diseases or bone marrow function. A hemogram provides an initial overview but a final diagnosis always requires additional tests and clinical assessment.

• Cholesterol (total cholesterol)

One of the components used to assess cardiovascular disease risk. Alone, it does not provide a complete picture. A high value may indicate increased risk of atherosclerosis, especially when combined with high LDL and low HDL cholesterol levels.

• HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol)

Helps remove excess cholesterol from blood vessels and transport it to the liver for breakdown. Higher levels are generally protective, but very high HDL may not always provide extra protection and, in rare cases, may be linked to increased disease risk. Low HDL increases the risk of heart disease even if total cholesterol is normal.

• LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol)

Transports cholesterol to tissues. Excess LDL may deposit on artery walls, causing atherosclerosis. High LDL is one of the most important cardiovascular risk factors.

• Triglycerides

Fat molecules circulating in the blood that store energy. High levels may be associated with obesity, insulin resistance, diabetes, and metabolic syndrome. High triglycerides combined with high LDL and low HDL significantly increase heart disease risk.

• ALAT

A liver enzyme; elevated levels often indicate liver cell damage (e.g. viral hepatitis, fatty liver, toxic damage). Very low levels usually have no clinical significance.

• ASAT

Found in the liver as well as in heart and skeletal muscles. Elevated levels may result from liver, muscle, or heart damage (including physical exertion or muscle injury). Results are always interpreted together with ALAT values.

• C-reactive protein (CRP)

An inflammation marker that rises rapidly in acute inflammation and infection. Higher values often point to bacterial infection, but further tests and clinical evaluation are usually needed to distinguish from other conditions.

• Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c)

Shows average blood sugar over the past 120 days. Important for diagnosing and monitoring diabetes, as it is not affected by single fluctuations. Interpretation should consider anemia and other conditions that may affect values.

• Creatinine and eGFR

Creatinine is a waste product from muscle metabolism. eGFR is calculated based on creatinine, age, sex, and sometimes race, to assess kidney function. Low eGFR indicates reduced kidney filtration, but a single result requires repeat testing and context.

• TSH

Regulates thyroid hormone production. High TSH usually indicates hypothyroidism, low TSH hyperthyroidism. Interpretation always requires measuring FT4 and sometimes other thyroid markers.

• Glucose (fasting blood sugar)

Measured after 8–12 hours of fasting. Elevated values may indicate diabetes or pre-diabetes, but diagnosis requires further evaluation.

• Ferritin

Indicates iron stores. Low levels often suggest iron deficiency before anemia develops. High levels may occur in inflammation, infection, or iron overload. Ferritin is also an acute-phase protein, so it cannot be used as an iron marker during inflammatory conditions.

• Urine dipstick test

Detects protein, pH, glucose, leukocytes, nitrites, and red blood cells in urine. Changes may indicate infection, kidney disease, or diabetes, but results may also be influenced by diet and physical activity.

• Vitamin D

Important for bone health and the immune system. Deficiency may cause bone thinning, muscle weakness, fatigue, and mood disorders. Levels are influenced by sunlight, diet, and metabolism.

• Vitamin B12

Necessary for nervous system function and red blood cell production. Deficiency may cause anemia, neurological symptoms, and cognitive disorders. Causes include low intake (e.g. vegetarian diet), absorption problems, or low stomach acid.

• Potassium

An important electrolyte for muscles, nerves, and heart function. Both too low and too high levels can cause life-threatening arrhythmias. Levels depend on kidney function, diet, and certain medications.

• Sodium

An electrolyte that regulates fluid balance and nerve signal transmission. Imbalances may cause neurological symptoms, seizures, and blood pressure changes. Often related to fluid balance disorders or hormonal problems.

• GGT

A liver function marker, often elevated with excessive alcohol use, certain medications, or bile duct problems. Useful when assessed together with ALAT and ASAT for liver disease clarification.

• FT4

A thyroid hormone measured together with TSH. High FT4 indicates hyperthyroidism, low FT4 hypothyroidism. If necessary, FT3 and other specific thyroid tests may also be ordered.

• Uric acid

A waste product of metabolism; high levels may cause gout or be linked to decreased kidney function. Levels can also rise due to diet (e.g. meat, seafood) or certain medications.